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IBM Personal Computer

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IBM PC" redirects here. For personal computers compatible with the IBM PC, see <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the separate <a href="IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">IBM PC Series</a> released from 1994 to 2000.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">IBM Personal Computer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">IBM Personal Computer with keyboard and monitor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM PC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">International Business Machines</a> (IBM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Product family</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM PC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Generation</th><td class="infobox-data">First generation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 1981 (1981-08-12)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lifespan</th><td class="infobox-data">1981–1987</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data">US$1,565 (equivalent to $5,410 in 2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">April 2, 1987 (1987-04-02)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a> / <a href="PC_DOS_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 1.0">PC DOS 1.0</a></li>

<li><a href="UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD p-System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> @ 4.77 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">16 KB – 256 KB (motherboard) (<a href="Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable storage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.25" <a href="Floppy_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy drives">Floppy drives</a> (160 KB or 320 KB), <a href="Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151</a> Monochrome Display, <a href="IBM_5153" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 5153">IBM 5153</a> Color Display</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Graphics</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a>, <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="PC_speaker" title="PC speaker">PC speaker</a> 1-channel square-wave/1-bit digital (<a href="Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">PWM</a>-capable)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Input</th><td class="infobox-data">XT-Keyboard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connectivity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a>, <a href="Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel port</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">120/240 V AC ～</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 20.25 in × 16.5 in × 5.5 in (51.4 cm × 41.9 cm × 14.0 cm) (width × depth × height)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">24–30 lb (11–14 kg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Model Number</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM 5150</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">IBM System/23 Datamaster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">IBM Personal Computer XT</a> (next model)</li><li><a href="IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">IBM PS/2</a> (next generation)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">List of IBM Personal Computer models</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The IBM Personal Computer (model 5150, commonly known as the IBM PC) is the first <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> released in the <a href="List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">IBM PC model line</a> and the basis for the <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> de facto standard. Released on August 12, 1981, it was created by a team of engineers and designers at <a href="IBM" title="IBM">International Business Machines</a> (IBM), directed by <a href="William_C._Lowe" title="William C. Lowe">William C. Lowe</a> and <a href="Philip_Don_Estridge" title="Philip Don Estridge">Philip Don Estridge</a> in <a href="Boca_Raton%2C_Florida" title="Boca Raton, Florida">Boca Raton, Florida</a>.

Powered by an <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>-architecture <a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> processor, the machine was based on <a href="Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a> and third-party peripherals. Over time, expansion cards and software technology increased to support it. The PC had <a href="Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">a substantial influence on the personal computer market</a>; the specifications of the IBM PC became one of the most popular computer design standards in the world. The only significant competition it faced from a non-compatible platform throughout the 1980s was from <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> product line, as well as consumer-grade platforms created by companies like <a href="Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> and <a href="Atari_Corporation" title="Atari Corporation">Atari</a>. Most present-day personal computers share architectural features in common with the original IBM PC, including the <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-based <a href="Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" title="Apple–Intel architecture">Mac computers manufactured from 2006 to 2022</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Prior to the 1980s, IBM had largely been known as a provider of business computer systems.<a href="#cite_note-pollack19810813-1">[1]</a> As the 1980s opened, their market share in the growing minicomputer market failed to keep up with competitors, while other manufacturers were beginning to see impressive profits in the microcomputer space. The market for personal computers was dominated at the time by <a href="Tandy_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandy Computers">Tandy</a>, <a href="Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a>, and <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, whose machines sold for several hundred dollars each and had become very popular. The microcomputer market was large enough for IBM's attention, with $15 billion in sales by 1979 and projected annual growth of more than 40% during the early 1980s. Other large technology companies had entered it, such as <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, and <a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>, and some large IBM customers were buying Apples.<a href="#cite_note-morgan198003-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-swaine19811005-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pollack19830327-4">[4]</a>

As early as 1980 there were rumors of IBM developing a personal computer, possibly a miniaturized version of the <a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a>,<a href="#cite_note-byte198101-5">[5]</a> and <a href="Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a> acknowledged publicly that it had discussed with IBM the possibility of manufacturing a personal computer in partnership, although this project was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-libes198106-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-morgan198107-7">[7]</a> The public responded to these rumors with skepticism, owing to IBM's tendency towards slow-moving, bureaucratic business practices tailored towards the production of large, sophisticated and expensive business systems.<a href="#cite_note-ibm5120-8">[8]</a> As with other large computer companies, its new products typically required about four to five years for development,<a href="#cite_note-morgan198201-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bunnell19820203-10">[10]</a> and a well publicized quote from an industry analyst was, "IBM bringing out a personal computer would be like teaching an elephant to tap dance."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

IBM had previously produced microcomputers, such as 1975's <a href="IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">IBM 5100</a>, but targeted them towards businesses; the 5100 had a price tag as high as $20,000.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Their entry into the home computer market needed to be competitively priced.

In the summer of 1979, Ron Mion, IBM’s Senior Business Trends Advisor for entry-level systems, proposed a plan for IBM to enter the emerging microcomputer market. At that time, the likes of Apple and Tandy were starting to encroach on the small-business marketplace that IBM intended to dominate. Mion believed that that market would grow significantly and that IBM should aggressively pursue it. However, he felt that they wouldn’t be successful unless IBM departed from its long-standing business model.

Mion’s plan called for three major departures from how IBM traditionally did business. Mion felt that, if IBM wanted to compete in the microcomputer market, it would need to:

<dl><dd>a) Greatly reduce manufacturing costs by using standard, off-the-shelf components (e.g., disk drives, CRTs, power supplies, keyboards) in order to produce a competitively priced microcomputer</dd>

<dd>b) Use a low-cost, third-party operating system. Mion felt that this was imperative in order to foster a cottage industry that could develop a broad array of applications that would help small businesses justify the purchase of a computer. Mion recommended Digital Research’s CP/M and a new O/S called MS-DOS from a little-known company named Microsoft.</dd>

<dd>c) Allow its microcomputers to be sold and serviced by a distribution channel consisting of independent resellers. (At that time, IBM had been experimenting with a chain of IBM Business Systems Center storefronts but their least-expensive computer cost $14,000.)</dd></dl>

That plan made its way up the chain of command but was ultimately rejected in the fall. The top IBM executives reaffirmed that all “IBM” computers, and their major components, must be developed, manufactured, sold, and serviced by IBM.

In January 1980, Tandy released their Annual Report and, as was predicted in Mion's plan, it confirmed that their 1979 shipments had exceeded 100,000 TRS-80s (about $50 million worth). IBM quickly dusted off Mion’s marketing plan.

In 1980, IBM president John Opel, recognizing the value of entering this growing market, assigned <a href="William_C._Lowe" title="William C. Lowe">William C. Lowe</a> and <a href="Philip_Don_Estridge" title="Philip Don Estridge">Philip Don Estridge</a> as heads of the new Entry Level Systems unit in Boca Raton, Florida.<a href="#cite_note-blaxilleckardt2009-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-14">[14]</a> Market research found that computer dealers were very interested in selling an IBM product, but they insisted the company use a design based on standard parts, not IBM-designed ones so that stores could perform their own repairs rather than requiring customers to send machines back to IBM for service.<a href="#cite_note-blaxilleckardt2009-13">[13]</a> Another source cites time pressure as the reason for the decision to use third-party components.<a href="#cite_note-Big_Blues-15">[15]</a>

Atari proposed to IBM in 1980 that it act as original equipment manufacturer for an IBM microcomputer,<a href="#cite_note-musil20131028-16">[16]</a> a potential solution to IBM's known inability to move quickly to meet a rapidly changing market. The idea of acquiring Atari was considered but rejected in favor of a proposal by Lowe that by forming an independent internal working group and abandoning all traditional IBM methods, a design could be delivered within a year and a prototype within 30 days. The prototype worked poorly but was presented with a detailed business plan which proposed that the new computer have an <a href="Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a>, use non-proprietary components and software, and be sold through retail stores, all contrary to IBM practice. It also estimated sales of 220,000 computers over three years, more than IBM's entire <a href="Installed_base" title="Installed base">installed base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-delete-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-scott19881031-18">[18]</a>

This swayed the Corporate Management Committee, which converted the group into a business unit named "Project Chess", and provided the necessary funding and authority to do whatever was needed to develop the computer in the given timeframe. The team received permission to expand to 150 people by the end of 1980, and in one day more than 500 IBM employees called in asking to join.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_process">Design process</h3></div>

The design process was kept under a policy of strict secrecy, with all other IBM divisions kept in the dark about the project.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

Several CPUs were considered, including the <a href="Texas_Instruments_TMS9900" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments TMS9900">Texas Instruments TMS9900</a>, <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> and <a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a>. The 68000 had 32 bit registers with a flat 24 bit address space for up to 16MB of memory and was considered the best choice,<a href="#cite_note-millergates200119970325-20">[20]</a> but was not production-ready like the others.<a href="#cite_note-rhines20170622-21">[21]</a> The <a href="IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a> RISC processor was also considered, since it was considerably more powerful than the other options, but rejected due to the design constraint to use <a href="Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">off-the-shelf</a> parts. The TMS9900 had only 16 bits of address space which was the same as other 8 bit chips and was rejected as it was inferior to the Intel 8088 which had 20 bits of address space which could use one megabyte of memory.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

The Intel 8086 architecture had 16 bit registers and used a segment scheme to increase the address space to 20 bits or 1MB of memory which complicated programming but was a big step up from 64K limit of most 8 bit chips. The 8086 was designed as a source code compatible, though not binary compatible, extension of the older 8080 which made it easier to port existing software like BASIC. IBM chose the 8088 variant of the 16 bit <a href="Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> because Intel offered a better price for the former and could provide more units,<a href="#cite_note-freiberger19820823-23">[23]</a> and the 8088's 8-bit bus reduced the cost of the rest of the computer. The 8088 had the advantage that IBM already had familiarity with the 8085 from designing the <a href="IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">IBM System/23 Datamaster</a>. The 62-pin expansion bus slots were also designed to be similar to the Datamaster slots,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and its keyboard design and layout became the <a href="IBM_Model_F" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Model F">Model F</a> keyboard shipped with the PC,<a href="#cite_note-bradley199009-25">[25]</a> but otherwise the PC design differed in many ways.

The 8088 motherboard was designed in 40 days,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> with a working prototype created in four months,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-14">[14]</a> demonstrated in January 1981. The design was essentially complete by April 1981, when it was handed off to the manufacturing team.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> PCs were assembled in an IBM plant in Boca Raton, with components made at various IBM and third party factories. The monitor was an existing design from <a href="IBM_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Japan">IBM Japan</a>; the printer was manufactured by <a href="Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Because none of the functional components were designed by IBM, they obtained only a handful of patents on the PC, covering such features as the bytecoding for color monitors, DMA access operation, and the keyboard interface. They were never enforced.<a href="#cite_note-R.Turner_one_attorney_who_obtained_these_patents_for_IBM.-29">[29]</a>

Many of the designers were computer hobbyists who owned their own computers,<a href="#cite_note-morgan198201-9">[9]</a> including many Apple II owners, which influenced the decisions to design the computer with an <a href="Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a><a href="#cite_note-porter19840918-30">[30]</a> and publish technical information so others could create compatible software and <a href="Expansion_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion slot">expansion slot</a> peripherals.<a href="#cite_note-greenwald19830711-31">[31]</a>

During the design process IBM avoided vertical integration as much as possible, for example choosing to license <a href="Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a> rather than utilizing the in-house version of BASIC used for mainframes due to the better existing public familiarity with the Microsoft version.<a href="#cite_note-byte198311-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debut">Debut</h3></div>

The IBM PC debuted on August 12, 1981, after a twelve-month development. Pricing started at $1,565 for a configuration with 16 KB RAM, <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a>, keyboard, and no disk drives. The price was designed to compete with comparable machines in the market.<a href="#cite_note-ibmpc25-33">[33]</a> For comparison, the Datamaster, announced two weeks earlier as IBM's least expensive computer, cost $10,000.<a href="#cite_note-pollack19830327-4">[4]</a>

IBM's marketing campaign licensed the likeness of <a href="Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s character "<a href="The_Little_Tramp" class="mw-redirect" title="The Little Tramp">The Little Tramp</a>" for a series of advertisements based on Chaplin's movies, played by Billy Scudder.<a href="#cite_note-papson1990-34">[34]</a>

The PC was IBM's first attempt to sell a computer through retail channels rather than directly to customers. Because IBM did not have retail experience, they partnered with the retail chains <a href="ComputerLand" title="ComputerLand">ComputerLand</a> and <a href="Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>, who provided important knowledge of the marketplace<a href="#cite_note-mace19811005-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-sandler198411-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-elder198907-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcmullen19840221-38">[38]</a> and became the main outlets for the PC. More than 190 ComputerLand stores already existed, while Sears was in the process of creating a handful of in-store computer centers for sale of the new product.

Reception was overwhelmingly positive, with analysts estimating sales volume in the billions of dollars in the first few years after release.<a href="#cite_note-pcommuniquesfuture19820203-39">[39]</a> After release, IBM's PC immediately became the talk of the entire computing industry.<a href="#cite_note-bunnellflying19820203-40">[40]</a> Dealers were overwhelmed with orders, including customers offering pre-payment for machines with no guaranteed delivery date.<a href="#cite_note-ibmpc25-33">[33]</a> By the time the machine began shipping, the term "PC" was becoming a household name.<a href="#cite_note-edlinbunnell19820203-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Success">Success</h3></div>

Sales exceeded IBM's expectations by as much as 800% (9x), with the company at one point shipping as many as 40,000 PCs per month.<a href="#cite_note-hayes19831024-42">[42]</a> IBM estimated that home users made up 50 to 70% of purchases from retail stores.<a href="#cite_note-burton198303-43">[43]</a> In 1983, IBM sold more than 750,000 machines,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> while other large, reputable companies like Hewlett-Packard, <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, and <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC)'s personal computers were unsuccessful. DEC, one of the companies whose success in competing against IBM had spurred the latter to enter the PC market,<a href="#cite_note-pollack19830327-4">[4]</a> sold only 69,000.<a href="#cite_note-ahl198403-45">[45]</a>

Software support from the industry grew rapidly, with the IBM nearly instantly becoming the primary target for most microcomputer software development.<a href="#cite_note-pollack19830327-4">[4]</a> One publication counted 753 software packages available a year after the PC's release, four times as many as were available for the Macintosh a year after its launch.<a href="#cite_note-infoworld19850114-46">[46]</a> Hardware support also grew rapidly, with 30–40 companies competing to sell memory expansion cards within a year.<a href="#cite_note-markoff19820823-47">[47]</a>

By 1984, IBM's revenue from the PC market was $4 billion, more than twice that of Apple.<a href="#cite_note-libes198509-48">[48]</a> A 1983 study of corporate customers found that two thirds of large customers standardizing on one computer chose the PC, while only 9% chose Apple.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A 1985 <a href="Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> survey found that 56% of American companies with personal computers used PCs while 16% used Apple.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

Almost as soon as the PC reached the market, rumors of hardware and software compatible clones began,<a href="#cite_note-pcommuniques19820203-51">[51]</a> and the first legal <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">PC-compatible</a> clone—the <a href="MPC_1600" title="MPC 1600">MPC 1600</a> by <a href="Columbia_Data_Products" title="Columbia Data Products">Columbia Data Products</a>—was released in June 1982, less than a year after the PC's debut.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

Eventually, IBM <a href="Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">sold its PC business to Lenovo in 2004</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2></div>

For low cost and a quick design turnaround time, the hardware design of the IBM PC used entirely "off-the-shelf" parts from third party manufacturers, rather than unique hardware designed by IBM.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

The PC is housed in a wide, short steel chassis intended to support the weight of a CRT monitor. The front panel is made of plastic, with an opening where one or two disk drives can be installed. The back panel houses a power inlet and switch, a keyboard connector, a cassette connector and a series of tall vertical slots with blank metal panels which can be removed in order to install expansion cards.

Internally, the chassis is dominated by a motherboard which houses the CPU, built-in RAM, expansion RAM sockets, and slots for expansion cards.

The IBM PC was highly expandable and upgradeable, but the base factory configuration included:

<th scope="row">CPU

</th>

<td><a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> @ 4.77 MHz

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">RAM

</th>

<td>16 KB or 64 KB minimum (expandable to 640 KB)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Video

</th>

<td><a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">IBM Monochrome Display Adapter</a> or <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">IBM Color Graphics Adapter</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Display

</th>

<td><a href="IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151 monochrome display</a> IBM 5153 color display <a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite</a>-input television

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Input

</th>

<td><a href="Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">IBM Model F</a> 83-key keyboard with five-pin connector

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Sound

</th>

<td>Single programmable-frequency square wave with built-in <a href="PC_speaker" title="PC speaker">speaker</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Storage

</th>

<td>Up to two internal 5.25-inch single- or double-sided full-height <a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk drives</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Port for attaching to <a href="Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">cassette tape recorder</a> Initially no hard drive option, but see text

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Expansion

</th>

<td>Five 62-pin <a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">expansion slots</a> attached to 8-bit CPU I/O bus IBM 5161 Expansion Chassis with eight (seven usable) extra I/O slots

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Communication

</th>

<td>Optional <a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial</a> and <a href="Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel</a> ports

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motherboard">Motherboard</h3></div>

The PC is built around a single large circuit board called a <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> which carries the processor, built-in RAM, expansion slots, keyboard and cassette ports, and the various peripheral integrated circuits that connected and controlled the components of the machine.

The peripheral chips included an <a href="Intel_8259" title="Intel 8259">Intel 8259</a> <a href="Programmable_interrupt_controller" title="Programmable interrupt controller">PIC</a>, an <a href="Intel_8237" title="Intel 8237">Intel 8237</a> <a href="Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> controller, and an <a href="Intel_8253" title="Intel 8253">Intel 8253</a> <a href="Programmable_interval_timer" title="Programmable interval timer">PIT</a>. The PIT provides 18.2 Hz clock "ticks" and dynamic memory refresh timing.

The CPU is an <a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a>, a cost-reduced form of the <a href="Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> which largely retains the 8086's internal 16-bit logic, but exposes only an 8-bit bus.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> The CPU is clocked at 4.77 MHz; clones and later PC models have higher CPU speeds that break compatibility with software developed for the original PC.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The single base clock frequency for the system is 14.31818 MHz, which when divided by 3, yielded the 4.77 MHz for the CPU (which was considered close enough to the then 5 MHz limit of the 8088), and when divided by 4, yields the required 3.579545 MHz for the <a href="NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> color carrier frequency.

The PC motherboard includes a second, empty socket, described by IBM simply as an "auxiliary processor socket", although the most obvious use was the addition of an <a href="Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">Intel 8087</a> math coprocessor, which improves <a href="Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point math</a> performance.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

PC mainboards were manufactured with the first <a href="Memory_bank" title="Memory bank">memory bank</a> of initially <a href="Mostek" title="Mostek">Mostek</a> 4116-compatible,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> or later 4164-compatible<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a> <a href="DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAMs</a> soldered to the board,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> for a minimum configuration of first just 16 KB, or later 64 KB of RAM. Memory upgrades from IBM and third parties provide socketed installation in three further onboard banks, and as <a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> expansion cards.

The first 400,000 16 KB mainboards ("16KB-64KB" ID) sold until March 1983 can be upgraded to a maximum of 64 KB onboard without using slots, and the later 64 KB revision ("64KB-256KB" ID) to a maximum of 256 KB on the motherboard.<a href="#cite_note-feldmann19851001-61">[61]</a> <a href="RAM_card" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM card">RAM cards</a> can upgrade either variant further,<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> for a total of 640 KB <a href="Conventional_memory" title="Conventional memory">conventional memory</a>, and possibly several megabytes of <a href="Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a> beyond that, though on PC/XT-class machines, the latter was a very expensive <a href="Expanded_memory#Expansion_boards" title="Expanded memory">third-party hardware option</a> only available later in the IBM 5150's <a href="Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">lifecycle</a> and only usable with dedicated software support (i.e. only accessible via a RAM window in the <a href="Upper_Memory_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Memory Area">Upper Memory Area</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>); this was relatively rarely equipped and utilized on the original IBM PC, much less fully so, thus the machine's maximum RAM configuration as commonly understood is 640 KB.

The BIOS is the firmware of the IBM PC, occupying one 8 KB chip on the motherboard. It provides bootstrap code and a library of common functions that all software can use for many purposes, such as video output, keyboard input, disk access, interrupt handling, testing memory, and other functions.

IBM shipped three versions of the BIOS throughout the PC's lifespan, with the dates 04/24/81, 10/19/81, and 10/27/82 (the first to boot from hard disk). The company offered an upgrade kit.<a href="#cite_note-feldmann19851001-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display">Display</h3></div>

While most home computers had built-in video output hardware, IBM took the unusual approach of offering two different graphics options, the <a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a> and <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> cards. The former provided high-resolution monochrome text, but could not display anything except text, while the latter provided medium- and low-resolution color graphics and text.

CGA used the same scan rate as <a href="NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC television</a>, allowing it to provide a composite video output which could be used with any compatible television or <a href="Composite_monitor" title="Composite monitor">composite monitor</a>, as well as a direct-drive TTL output suitable for use with any <a href="RGBI_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="RGBI interface">RGBI</a> monitor using an NTSC scan rate. IBM also sold the 5153 color monitor for this purpose, but it was not available at release<a href="#cite_note-williams1982012-63">[63]</a> and was not released until March 1983.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

MDA scanned at a higher frequency and required a proprietary monitor, the <a href="IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151</a>. The card also included a built-in printer port.<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a>

Both cards could also be installed simultaneously for mixed graphics and text applications.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> For instance, <a href="AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a>, <a href="Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> and other software allowed use of a CGA Monitor for graphics and a separate <a href="Monochrome_monitor" title="Monochrome monitor">monochrome monitor</a> for text menus. Third parties went on to provide an enormous variety of aftermarket graphics adapters, such as the <a href="Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules Graphics Card</a>.

The software and hardware of the PC, at release, was designed around a single 8-bit adaptation of the ASCII character set, now known as <a href="Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">code page 437</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div>

The two bays in the front of the machine could be populated with one or two 5.25″ floppy disk drives, storing 160 KB per disk side for a total of 320 KB of storage on one disk.<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a> The floppy drives require a controller card inserted in an expansion slot, and connect with a single ribbon cable with two edge connectors. The IBM floppy controller card provides an external 37-pin D-sub connector for attachment of an external disk drive, although IBM did not offer one for purchase until 1986.

As was common for home computers of the era, the IBM PC offered a port for connecting a <a href="IBM_cassette_tape" title="IBM cassette tape">cassette data recorder</a>. Unlike the typical home computer however, this was never a major avenue for software distribution,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> probably because very few PCs were sold without floppy drives. The port was removed on the very next PC model, the XT.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

At release, IBM did not offer any hard disk drive option<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> and adding one was difficult - the PC's stock power supply had inadequate power to run a hard drive, the motherboard did not support BIOS expansion ROMs which was needed to support a hard drive controller, and both PC DOS and the BIOS had no support for hard disks. After the XT was released, IBM altered the design of the 5150 to add most of these capabilities, except for the upgraded power supply. At this point adding a hard drive was possible, but required the purchase of the IBM 5161 Expansion Unit, which contained a dedicated power supply and included a hard drive.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

Although official hard drive support did not exist, the third party market did provide early hard drives that connected to the floppy disk controller, but required a patched version of PC DOS to support the larger disk sizes.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_interface">Human interface </h3></div>

The only option for <a href="Human_interface_device" title="Human interface device">human interface</a> provided in the base PC was the built-in keyboard port, meant to connect to the included <a href="Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a> keyboard. The Model F was initially developed for the <a href="IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">IBM Datamaster</a>, and was substantially better than the keyboards provided with virtually all home computers on the market at that time in many regards - number of keys, reliability and ergonomics. While some home computers of the time utilized <a href="Chiclet_keyboard" title="Chiclet keyboard">chiclet keyboards</a> or inexpensive mechanical designs, the IBM keyboard provided good ergonomics, reliable and positive tactile key mechanisms and flip-up feet to adjust its angle. Public reception of the keyboard was extremely positive, with some sources describing it as a major selling point of the PC and even as "the best keyboard available on any microcomputer."<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a>

At release, IBM provided a <a href="Game_port" title="Game port">Game Control Adapter</a> which offered a 15-pin port intended for the connection of up to two joysticks, each having two analog axes and two buttons. (The early PCs predated the advent of the "<a href="WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">Windows, Icons, Mouse, Pointer" concept</a> and so did not have a mouse.)

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3></div>

Connectivity to other computers and peripherals was initially provided through serial and parallel ports.

IBM provided a serial card based on an <a href="8250_UART" title="8250 UART">8250 UART</a>. The BIOS supports up to two serial ports.

IBM provided two different options for connecting Centronics-compatible parallel printers. One was the IBM Printer Adapter, and the other was integrated into the MDA as the IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3></div>

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The expansion capability of the IBM PC was very significant to its success in the market. Some publications highlighted IBM's uncharacteristic decision to publish complete, thorough specifications of the system bus and memory map immediately on release, with the intention of fostering a market of compatible third-party hardware and software.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

The motherboard includes five 62-pin card edge connectors which are connected to the CPU's I/O lines. IBM referred to these as "I/O slots", but after the expansion of the PC clone industry they became retroactively known as the <a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA bus</a>. At the back of the machine is a metal panel, integrated into the steel chassis of the system unit, with a series of vertical slots lined up with each card slot.

Most expansion cards have a matching metal bracket which slots into one of these openings, serving two purposes. First, a screw inserted through a tab on the bracket into the chassis fastens the card securely in place, preventing the card from wiggling out of place. Second, any ports the card provides for external attachment are bolted to the bracket, keeping them secured in place as well.

The PC expansion slots can accept an enormous variety of expansion hardware, adding capabilities such as:

<ul><li>Graphics</li>

<li>Sound</li>

<li><a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> support</li>

<li>Expanded memory</li>

<li><a href="Joystick" title="Joystick">Joystick</a> port</li>

<li>Additional serial or parallel ports</li>

<li>Networking</li>

<li>Connection to proprietary industrial or scientific equipment</li></ul>

The market reacted as IBM had intended, and within a year or two of the PC's release the available options for expansion hardware were immense.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5161_Expansion_Unit">5161 Expansion Unit</h4></div>

The expandability of the PC was important, but had significant limitations.

One major limitation was the inability to install a hard drive, as described above. Another was that there were only five expansion slots, which tended to get filled up by essential hardware - a PC with a graphics card, memory expansion, parallel card and serial card was left with only one open slot, for instance.

IBM rectified these problems in the later XT, which included more slots and support for an internal hard drive, but at the same time released the 5161 Expansion Unit, which could be used with either the XT or the original PC. The 5161 connected to the PC system unit using a cable and a card plugged into an expansion slot, and provided a second system chassis with more expansion slots and a hard drive.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div>

IBM initially announced intent to support multiple operating systems: <a href="CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a>, <a href="UCSD_P-system" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD P-system">UCSD p-System</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and an in-house product called <a href="IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a>, based on <a href="86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> from <a href="Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a> and provided by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freibergeros19811005-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-morgan198201-9">[9]</a> In practice, IBM's expectation and intent was for the market to primarily use PC DOS.<a href="#cite_note-bunnell19820405-73">[73]</a> CP/M-86 was not available for six months after the PC's release<a href="#cite_note-edlin19820607-74">[74]</a> and received extremely few orders once it was,<a href="#cite_note-pcommuniques198302-75">[75]</a> and p-System was also not available at release. PC DOS rapidly established itself as the standard OS for the PC and remained the standard for over a decade, with a variant being sold by Microsoft themselves as <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>.

The PC included BASIC in ROM (four 8 KB chips), a common feature of 1980s home computers. Its ROM BASIC supported the cassette tape interface, but PC DOS did not, limiting use of that interface to BASIC only.

PC DOS version 1.00 supported only 160 KB SSDD floppies, but version 1.1, which was released nine months after the PC's introduction, supported 160 KB SSDD and 320 KB DSDD floppies. Support for the slightly larger nine sector per track 180 KB and 360 KB formats was added in March 1983.

Third-party software support grew extremely quickly, and within a year the PC platform was supplied with a vast array of titles for any conceivable purpose.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

Reception of the IBM PC was extremely positive. Even before its release reviewers were impressed by the advertised specifications of the machine, and upon its release reviews praised virtually every aspect of its design both in comparison to contemporary machines and with regards to new and unexpected features.

Praise was directed at the build quality of the PC, in particular its keyboard, IBM's decision to use open specifications to encourage third party software and hardware development, their speed at delivering documentation and the quality therein, the quality of the video display, and the use of commodity components from established suppliers in the electronics industry.<a href="#cite_note-lemmons198110-76">[76]</a> The price was considered extremely competitive compared to the value per dollar of competing machines.<a href="#cite_note-williams1982012-63">[63]</a>

Two years after its release, <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte magazine</a> retrospectively concluded that the PC had succeeded both because of its features – an 80-column screen, open architecture, and high-quality keyboard – and the failure of other computer manufacturers to achieve these features first:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In retrospect, it seems IBM stepped into a void that remained, paradoxically, at the center of a crowded market.<a href="#cite_note-lemmons1984fall-77">[77]</a></blockquote>

<a href="Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</a> that year named the PC the best desktop computer between $2,000 and $4,000, praising its vast hardware and software selection, manufacturer support, and resale value.<a href="#cite_note-ahl198412-78">[78]</a>

Many IBM PCs remained in service long after their technology became largely obsolete. For instance, as of June 2006 (23–25 years after release) IBM PC and XT models were still in use at the majority of U.S. <a href="National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> upper-air observing sites, processing data returned from <a href="Radiosonde" title="Radiosonde">radiosondes</a> attached to <a href="Weather_balloon" title="Weather balloon">weather balloons</a>.

Due to its status as the first entry in the extremely influential PC industry, the original IBM PC remains valuable as a collector's item. As of 2007, the system had a market value of $50–$500.<a href="#cite_note-McCracken2007-79">[79]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_line">Model line</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">List of IBM Personal Computer models</a></div>

IBM sold a number of computers under the "Personal Computer" or "PC" name throughout the 1980s. The name was not used for several years before being reused for the <a href="IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">IBM PC Series</a> in the 1990s and early 2000s. The PC line was replaced by the next generation <a href="IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">IBM PS/2</a> in 1987 which introduced new hardware standards incompatible with those previously established by IBM and adopted in the IBM PC compatible industry. The <a href="IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">IBM PC Series</a> returned to the ISA standard hardware and was replaced by the <a href="IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">IBM NetVista</a>, which in turn was replaced by <a href="ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a> models in 2003. IBM Personal Systems Group was sold to Lenovo in 2005.

<caption>The IBM PC line

</caption>

<th>Model name</th>

<th>Model #</th>

<th>Introduced</th>

<th>Discontinued</th>

<th style="text-align:left;">Features

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>August 1981</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a> or <a href="Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">cassette</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> One or two internal floppy drives were optional.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>March 1983</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left">First IBM PC to come with an internal hard drive as standard.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>October 1983</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left"><a href="PC-based_IBM-compatible_mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes">5160 with XT/370 Option Kit and 3277 Emulation Adapter</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>October 1983</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left">With <a href="3270_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="3270 terminal">3270 terminal</a> emulation, 20 function key keyboard

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>November 1983</td>

<td>March 1985</td>

<td align="left">Floppy-based home computer, but also used ROM cartridges; <a href="Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> keyboard.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable</a></td>

<td>February 1984</td>

<td>April 1986</td>

<td align="left">Floppy-based portable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>August 1984</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left">Faster processor with 24-bit address expands RAM capacity to 16 MB., faster 16 bit system bus (6 MHz, later 8 MHz, vs 4.77 MHz), <a href="Jumperless" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumperless">jumperless</a> configuration, <a href="Real-time_clock" title="Real-time clock">real-time clock</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>October 1984</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left"><a href="PC-based_IBM-compatible_mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes">5170 with AT/370 Option Kit and 3277 Emulation Adapter</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left">With <a href="3270_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="3270 terminal">3270 terminal</a> emulation.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></td>

<td>April 1986</td>

<td>August 1989</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Microfloppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfloppy">Microfloppy</a> <a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> portable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>September 1986</td>

<td>April 1987</td>

<td align="left">Slow hard disk, but zero <a href="Wait_state" title="Wait state">wait state</a> memory on the <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>. This 6 MHz model is faster than the 8 MHz AT models (when using planar memory) because of its zero wait state memory.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

As with all PC-derived systems, all IBM PC models are nominally <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>-compatible, although some timing-sensitive software will not run correctly on models with faster CPUs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clones">Clones</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market</a></div>

IBM decided to open many documentations of IBM PC but except the documentations of <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, make other companies can produces compatible hardware and software for IBM PC, but BIOS is still owned by IBM.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Because the IBM PC was based on commodity hardware rather than unique IBM components, and because its operation was extensively documented by IBM, creating machines that were fully compatible with the PC offered few challenges other than the creation of a compatible BIOS ROM.

Simple duplication of the IBM PC BIOS was a direct violation of copyright law, but soon into the PC's life the BIOS was reverse-engineered with <a href="Clean-room_design" title="Clean-room design">clean-room design</a> by companies like <a href="Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, <a href="Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix Software Associates</a>, <a href="American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a> and <a href="Award_Software" title="Award Software">Award</a>, who either built their own computers that could run the same software and use the same expansion hardware as the PC, or sold their BIOS code to other manufacturers who wished to build their own machines.

These machines became known as <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM compatibles</a> or "clones", and software was widely marketed as compatible with "IBM PC or 100% compatible". Shortly thereafter, clone manufacturers began to make improvements and extensions to the hardware, such as by using faster processors like the <a href="NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20</a>, which executed the same software as the 8088 at a higher speed up to 10 MHz.

The clone market eventually became so large that it lost its associations with the original PC and became a set of <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standards</a> established by various hardware manufacturers.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div>

<th>Timeline of the IBM Personal Computer <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;">Asterisk (*) denotes a model released in Japan only

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Cited references</dt></dl>

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<li id="cite_note-greenwald19830711-31"><a href="#cite_ref-greenwald19830711_31-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenwald1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Greenwald, John (July 11, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949693-2,00.html">"The Colossus That Works"</a>. TIME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514004334/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949693-2,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-byte198311-32"><a href="#cite_ref-byte198311_32-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCurran,_Lawrence_J.Shuford,_Richard_S.1983" class="citation news cs1">Curran, Lawrence J.; Shuford, Richard S. (November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-11/1983_11_BYTE_08-11_Inside_the_IBM_PC#page/n89/mode/2up">"IBM's Estridge"</a>. <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. pp. 88–97. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-ibmpc25-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibmpc25_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibmpc25_33-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060814072714/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html">"The birth of the IBM PC"</a>. IBM Archives. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-papson1990-34"><a href="#cite_ref-papson1990_34-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPapson,_Stephen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Papson, Stephen (April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC35folder/IBMtramp.html">"The IBM tramp"</a>. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media (35): 66–72.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-mace19811005-35"><a href="#cite_ref-mace19811005_35-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMace,_Scott1981" class="citation news cs1">Mace, Scott (October 5, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA49">"Where You Can Go to Purchase the New Computers"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 49. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-sandler198411-36"><a href="#cite_ref-sandler198411_36-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSandler,_Corey1984" class="citation news cs1">Sandler, Corey (November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/298_IBM_colossus_of_Armonk.php">"IBM: Colossus of Armonk"</a>. Creative Computing. p. 298. Retrieved February 26, 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-elder198907-37"><a href="#cite_ref-elder198907_37-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElder,_Tait1989" class="citation news cs1">Elder, Tait (July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/1989/07/new-ventures-lessons-from-xerox-and-ibm">"New Ventures: Lessons from Xerox and IBM"</a>. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-mcmullen19840221-38"><a href="#cite_ref-mcmullen19840221_38-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcMullen,_Barbara_E.John_F.1984" class="citation news cs1">McMullen, Barbara E.; John F. (February 21, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCIvSU6Y2GAC">"Apple Charts The Course For IBM"</a>. PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved October 24, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pcommuniquesfuture19820203-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pcommuniquesfuture19820203_39-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=PA5">"Billion Dollar Baby"</a>. PC. February–March 1982. p. 5. Retrieved February 25, 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-bunnellflying19820203-40"><a href="#cite_ref-bunnellflying19820203_40-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBunnell,_David1982" class="citation news cs1">Bunnell, David (February 3, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=PA10">"Flying Upside Down"</a>. PC Magazine. p. 10. Retrieved April 6, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-edlinbunnell19820203-41"><a href="#cite_ref-edlinbunnell19820203_41-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEdlin,_JimBunnell,_David1982" class="citation news cs1">Edlin, Jim; Bunnell, David (February–March 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=PA42">"IBM's New Personal Computer: Taking the Measure / Part One"</a>. PC Magazine. p. 42. Retrieved October 20, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hayes19831024-42"><a href="#cite_ref-hayes19831024_42-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHayes,_Thomas_C.1983" class="citation news cs1">Hayes, Thomas C. (October 24, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/24/business/eagle-computer-stays-in-the-race.html">"Eagle Computer Stays in the Race"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-burton198303-43"><a href="#cite_ref-burton198303_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurton,_Kathleen1983" class="citation news cs1">Burton, Kathleen (March 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wCiNAUEuAMC&pg=RA1-PA467">"Anatomy of a Colossus, Part III"</a>. PC. p. 467. Retrieved March 30, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lowendmac.com/2006/origin-of-the-ibm-pc/">"Origin of the IBM PC"</a>. Low End Mac. August 12, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ahl198403-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ahl198403_45-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhl,_David_H.1984" class="citation news cs1"><a href="David_H._Ahl" title="David H. Ahl">Ahl, David H.</a> (March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1984-03/Creative_Computing_v10_n03_1984_Mar#page/n39/mode/2up">"Digital"</a>. Creative Computing. pp. 38–41. Retrieved February 6, 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-infoworld19850114-46"><a href="#cite_ref-infoworld19850114_46-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWatt,_PeggyMcGeever,_Christine1985" class="citation news cs1">Watt, Peggy; McGeever, Christine (January 14, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-i4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15">"Macintosh Vs. IBM PC At One Year"</a>. InfoWorld. pp. 16–17. Retrieved December 28, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-markoff19820823-47"><a href="#cite_ref-markoff19820823_47-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarkoff,_John1982" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (August 23, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20">"Competition and innovation mark IBM add-in market"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 20. Retrieved January 29, 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-libes198509-48"><a href="#cite_ref-libes198509_48-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLibes,_Sol1985" class="citation news cs1">Libes, Sol (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-09/1985_09_BYTE_10-09_Homebrewing#page/n401/mode/2up">"The Top Ten"</a>. <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. p. 418. Retrieved October 27, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-09/1984_09_BYTE_09-09_Guide_to_the_IBM_PCs#page/n33/mode/2up">Byte Magazine Volume 09 Number 09 - Guide to the IBM PCs</a>. September 1984.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPorter,_Martin1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Porter, Martin (September 18, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq3POofPsBEC">"Ostracized PC1 Designer Still Ruminates 'Why?'"</a>. PC Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 18. p. 33. Retrieved October 25, 2013 – via Google Books.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pcommuniques19820203-51"><a href="#cite_ref-pcommuniques19820203_51-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=PA5">"PCommuniques"</a>. PC Magazine. February–March 1982. p. 5. Retrieved October 20, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRohlfs2003" class="citation book cs1">Rohlfs, Jeffrey H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmFag8P4CF8C">Bandwagon Effects in High-technology Industries</a>. MIT Press. p. 122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780262681384</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHenderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Harry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tla6d153uwC&q=ibm%20pc%20open%20standards&pg=PA236">Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 236. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4381-1003-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Drive capacities varied: Early drives were single-side/double-density (SSDD) and stored 160 KB per floppy, but were soon replaced by double-side/double-density (DSDD) drives which stored 320 KB. The release of DOS 2.0 increased support for storing 9 rather than 8 sectors/track, increasing capacities to 180 KB (SSDD) and 360 KB (DSDD) per floppy. More drives could be attached externally, with certain caveats.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-10/1981_10_BYTE_06-10_Local_Networks#page/n31/mode/2up">Byte Magazine Volume 06 Number 10 - Local Networks</a>. October 1981. pp. 28–34.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGraves2004" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Michael W. (September 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZFv0Vv8CEcC&q=%22turbo%20button%22%20crash&pg=PA66">A+ Guide to PC Hardware Maintenance and Repair</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4018-5230-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n41/mode/2up">Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer</a>. January 1982.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minuszerodegrees.net/memory/4116.htm">4116 class RAM</a> One bank used nine of these chips (eight 16-<a href="Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kilobit</a> chips = 16 kilobytes, plus one chip for parity).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minuszerodegrees.net/memory/4164.htm">4164 class RAM</a> – One bank used nine of these chips (eight 64-kilobit chips = 64 kilobytes, plus one chip for parity).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minuszerodegrees.net/5150/ram/5150_ram.htm">"Minuszerodegrees.net"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-feldmann19851001-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feldmann19851001_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-feldmann19851001_61-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFeldmann1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Feldmann, Peter (October 1, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PC-Mag-1985-10-01/page/n146/mode/1up?view=theater">"Upgrading Your 64K PC"</a>. PC. pp. 145–149. Retrieved April 13, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minuszerodegrees.net/5150/misc/5150%20-%20Memory%20Map%20of%20the%20640%20KB%20to%201%20MB%20Area.jpg">"IBM 5150 - Memory Map of the 640 KB to 1 MB Area (the 'Upper Memory Area')"</a>. minuszerodegrees.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250409172823/https://minuszerodegrees.net/5150/misc/5150%20-%20Memory%20Map%20of%20the%20640%20KB%20to%201%20MB%20Area.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-williams1982012-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams1982012_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams1982012_63-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Gregg1982" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Gregg (January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up">"A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer"</a>. <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. p. 36. Retrieved October 19, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS183-002">"IBM Color Display, 5153 Model 1 For IBM Personal Computer"</a> (Announcement letter). IBM. February 4, 1983. 183-002.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up">Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer</a>. January 1982.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/dualhead.html">"Dual-Head operation on vintage PCs"</a>. www.seasip.info. Retrieved August 16, 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">The Peter Norton Programmer's Guide to the IBM PC. Microsoft Corporation. 1985. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0914845462</bdi>. <q>I have never encountered a PC program on tape for sale. In fact, about the only use of the cassette port that I am aware of is the homespun and jerry-rigged use of this port as a poor-man's serial port.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert1989" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Brenner (1989). IBM Personal Computer: Troubleshooting & Repair for the IBM PC, PC/XT, and PC AT. Sams. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0672226626</bdi>. <q>Next to the keyboard connector is a 5-pin circular connector for cassette data input/output. This connection is not available on the XT or AT.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/5150/hdd/5150_hard_drive_support.htm">"minuszerodegrees.net"</a>. www.minuszerodegrees.net. Retrieved October 3, 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n57/mode/2up">Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer</a>. January 1982.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n41/mode/2up">Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 01 - The IBM Personal Computer</a>. January 1982.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-freibergeros19811005-72"><a href="#cite_ref-freibergeros19811005_72-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFreiberger,_Paul1981" class="citation news cs1">Freiberger, Paul (October 5, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA50">"Some Confusion at the Heart of IBM Microcomputer / Which Operating System Will Prevail?"</a>. InfoWorld. pp. 50–51. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bunnell19820405-73"><a href="#cite_ref-bunnell19820405_73-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBunnell,_David1982" class="citation news cs1">Bunnell, David (April–May 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C">"Boca Diary"</a>. PC Magazine. p. 22. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-edlin19820607-74"><a href="#cite_ref-edlin19820607_74-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEdlin,_Jim1982" class="citation news cs1">Edlin, Jim (June–July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=RA2-PA43">"CP/M Arrives"</a>. PC Magazine. p. 43. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pcommuniques198302-75"><a href="#cite_ref-pcommuniques198302_75-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wCiNAUEuAMC&pg=PA53">"PCommuniques"</a>. PC Magazine. February 1983. p. 53. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lemmons198110-76"><a href="#cite_ref-lemmons198110_76-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLemmons,_Phil1981" class="citation news cs1">Lemmons, Phil (October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-10/1981_10_BYTE_06-10_Local_Networks#page/n27/mode/2up">"The IBM Personal Computer / First Impressions"</a>. <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. p. 36. Retrieved October 19, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lemmons1984fall-77"><a href="#cite_ref-lemmons1984fall_77-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLemmons,_Phil1984" class="citation news cs1">Lemmons, Phil (Fall 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-09/1984_09_BYTE_09-09_Guide_to_the_IBM_PCs#page/n3/mode/2up">"IBM and Its Personal Computers"</a>. <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ahl198412-78"><a href="#cite_ref-ahl198412_78-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhl1984" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="David_H._Ahl" title="David H. Ahl">Ahl, David H.</a> (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n12/10_Top_12_computers_of_1984.php">"Top 12 computers of 1984"</a>. Creative Computing. Retrieved March 16, 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McCracken2007-79"><a href="#cite_ref-McCracken2007_79-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2007" class="citation web cs1">McCracken, Harry (August 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822070004/http://www.pcworld.com/article/136242/article.html">"The Most Collectible PCs of All Time"</a>. PCWorld. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/136242/article.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> IBM did not offer own brand cassette recorders, but the 5150 had a cassette player jack, and IBM anticipated that entry-level home users would connect their own <a href="Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">cassette recorders for data storage</a> instead of using the more expensive <a href="Floppy_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy drive">floppy drives</a> (and use their existing <a href="TV_set" class="mw-redirect" title="TV set">TV sets</a> as monitors); to this end, IBM initially offered the 5150 in a basic configuration without any floppy drives or monitor at the price of $1,565, whereas they offered a system with a monitor and single floppy drive for an initial $3,005. Few if any users however bought IBM 5150 PCs without floppy drives.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Scott Mueller, Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 2nd Ed, Que Books 1992,<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88022-856-3</bdi>, page 94

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/how-compaqs-clone-computers-skirted-ibms-patents-and-gave-rise-to-eisa/">https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/how-compaqs-clone-computers-skirted-ibms-patents-and-gave-rise-to-eisa/</a>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IBM_PC" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:IBM PC">IBM PC</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_BWL7vCaa0">IBM SCAMP</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minuszerodegrees.net">IBM 5150 information at www.minuszerodegrees.net</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoldcomputer.com/roms/index.php?folder=IBM/PC-5150">IBM PC 5150 System Disks and ROMs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130506223315/http://www.itdictionary.org/term/IBM_PC.aspx">IBM PC from IT Dictionary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=274">IBM PC history and technical information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/0811.html">What a legacy! The IBM PC's 25 year legacy</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/biztech/08/11/ibmpcanniversary/index.html">CNN.com - IBM PC turns 25</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcomputermuseum.com/ibm_5150.html">IBM-5150</a> and collection of old digital and analog computers at oldcomputermuseum.com</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintage-computer.com/ibm_pc.shtml">IBM PC images and information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705211337/http://www.vintage-computer.com/ibm_pc.shtml">Archived</a> July 5, 2006, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitize.textfiles.com/items/1982-ibm-personal-computer/">A brochure from November, 1982 advertising the IBM PC</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corestore.org/XT370-1.jpg">A Picture of the XT/370 cards, showing the dual 68000 processors </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218053755/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corestore.org%2FXT370-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.research.ibm.com%2Fcomm%2Fresearch_people.nsf%2Fpages%2Fkoved.history.html&usg=__hfms9QIM7ODhMa7oycO3YzpCSr4%3D&h=1680&w=2240&sz=1107&hl=en&start=24&zoom=1&tbnid=oczfii5c6zO6KM%3A&tbnh=127&tbnw=153&ei=NTZkTdyCKYu4sQPP6cTdCA&prev=%2Fimages%3Fq%3DIBM%2BAT%2F370%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1355%26bih%3D744%26tbs%3Disch%3A10%2C811&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=632&vpy=213&dur=6215&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=62&ty=219&oei=HTZkTfDHBpPksQP51PHCCA&page=2&ndsp=28&ved=1t%3A429%2Cr%3A17%2Cs%3A24&biw=1355&bih=744">Archived</a> December 18, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/pc/GG24-3057-00_IBM_PC_Internals_Fundamentals_Course_Notes_198603.pdf">IBM PC Internals Fundamentals Course Notes</a> (PDF)</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM940" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IBM940" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_and_World_War_II" title="IBM and World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM">Mergers and acquisitions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hardware8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">FlashSystem</a></li>

<li>Quantum

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">Q System One</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Q_System_Two" title="IBM Q System Two">Q System Two</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Heron" title="IBM Heron">Heron</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li>

<li><a href="AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li>

<li><a href="EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Towers

<ul><li><a href="1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li>

<li><a href="One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li>

<li>Software Labs

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li>

<li>IBM Buildings

<ul><li><a href="AMA_Plaza" title="AMA Plaza">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Building%2C_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li>

<li><a href="1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Facilities

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Academy of Technology</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM's_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li>

<li><a href="Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li>

<li><a href="Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li>

<li><a href="Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li>

<li><a href="T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li>

<li><a href="John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li>

<li><a href="Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Big Blue sports teams

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp." title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.">Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li>

<li><a href="GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematica%3A_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw external" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> Navigational boxes

<li>Midrange computers</li>

<li>Operating systems</li>

<li>Personal computers</li>

<li>System/360</li>

<li>System/370</li>

<li>Typewriters</li>

<li>Vacuum tube computers</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_computers_by_IBM342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Personal_computers_by_IBM342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a> by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence on the PC market</a></li>

<li><a href="Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop and all-in-one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">Datamaster</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">list of models</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_Industrial_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Industrial Computer">Industrial Computer</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></li>

<li><a href="EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">ValuePoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">PC Series</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">NetVista</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a>

<ul><li><a href="ThinkCentre_A_series" title="ThinkCentre A series">A series</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkCentre_M_series" title="ThinkCentre M series">M series</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable PC</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">PS/2 portables</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-ThinkPad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></li>

<li>PS/2 Laptop

<li><a href="IBM_PS/2_Note" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">Model 425/425C</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PCradio" title="IBM PCradio">PCradio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2xx series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3xx series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5xx series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6xx series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7xx series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ThinkPad_701" title="ThinkPad 701">701 "Butterfly"</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_T_series" title="ThinkPad T series">T series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ThinkPad_TransNote" title="ThinkPad TransNote">TransNote</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_WorkPad" title="IBM WorkPad">WorkPad</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Leapfrog" title="IBM Leapfrog">Leapfrog</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad_Power_Series#Power_Series_600" title="ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series 600</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad_240#Transmeta_Crusoe" title="ThinkPad 240">ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WatchPad" title="IBM WatchPad">WatchPad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">Multi-Color Graphics Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a></li>

<li><a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">Keyboards</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Music_Feature_Card" title="IBM Music Feature Card">Music Feature Card</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwave" title="Mwave">Mwave</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_4694" title="IBM 4694">SurePOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad_UltraBay" title="ThinkPad UltraBay">UltraBay</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkLight" title="ThinkLight">ThinkLight</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=IBM_Personal_Computer&oldid=1304167175">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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